Arabic grammar rules

 Arabic grammar rules

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Arabic grammar (النحو العربي – al-naḥw al-‘arabī) is rich, logical, and systematic. Below is a comprehensive yet beginner-friendly overview of essential Arabic grammar rules, organized by category:

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📚 Core Arabic Grammar Rules (النحو)

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1. 🧱 Parts of Speech (أقسام الكلام)

Arabic has 3 main parts of speech:

Arabic	English	Examples
اسم (ism)	Noun (or adjective)	بيت = house, كبير = big
فعل (fi‘l)	Verb	كتب = he wrote
حرف (ḥarf)	Particle / Preposition	في = in, من = from

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2. 📤 Noun Cases (الإعراب)

Arabic nouns change endings based on grammar role (case). The 3 major cases:

Case	Arabic Name	Typical Ending	Example (kitāb = book)
Nominative	مرفوع	ـُ / ٌ	كِتَابٌ – a book (subject)
Accusative	منصوب	ـَ / ً	كِتَابًا – a book (object)
Genitive	مجرور	ـِ / ٍ	كِتَابٍ – of a book (after preposition)

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3. 🔠 Verb Conjugation (تصريف الفعل)

Arabic verbs conjugate for:

• Tense: Past (الماضي), Present/Future (المضارع), Imperative (الأمر)

• Person: 1st, 2nd, 3rd

• Number: Singular, Dual, Plural

• Gender: Masculine, Feminine

Example: كتب (kataba = he wrote)

Person	Arabic	Meaning
أنا كتبتُ	katabtu	I wrote
هو كتب	kataba	He wrote
هي كتبت	katabat	She wrote
هم كتبوا	katabū	They wrote
نحن كتبنا	katabnā	We wrote

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4. 🔁 Definiteness (التعريف)

Form	Explanation	Example
Definite	With الـ (al-) prefix	البيت = the house
Indefinite	With tanwīn (nunation)	بيتٌ = a house

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5. 🔢 Gender and Number

Type	Example	Notes
Masculine	ولد (boy)	Base form
Feminine	بنت (girl)	Often ends in ـة (tā’ marbūṭah)
Dual	ولدان (2 boys)	Add -ān / -ayn
Plural	أولاد (boys)	Sound or broken plural

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6. 📍 Prepositions (حروف الجر)

These cause the noun after them to be in the genitive (مجرور) case.

Arabic	Meaning	Example
في	in	في البيت = in the house
إلى	to	إلى المسجد = to the mosque
من	from	من السوق = from the market

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7. 🧩 Pronouns (الضمائر)

Type	Arabic	Example
I	أنا	أنا طالب = I am a student
He	هو	هو معلم = He is a teacher
She	هي	هي طالبة = She is a student
You (m)	أنتَ	أنتَ مسلم = You are a Muslim
You (f)	أنتِ	أنتِ مسلمة = You (f) are a Muslim

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8. 🧠 Idaafa (الإضافة) – Construct Phrase

Used to show possession (like "of" in English):

Arabic	Meaning
بيتُ الطالبِ	The student's house
كتابُ اللهِ	The Book of Allah

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9. 🔗 Negation Rules

Tense	Particle	Example
Past	ما	ما كتب = He did not write
Present	لا	لا يكتب = He doesn’t write
Future	لن	لن يكتب = He will not write

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10. ✅ Nominal Sentences (جملة اسمية)

A sentence without a verb — common in Arabic.

Example	Meaning
محمدٌ طالبٌ	Muhammad is a student
الكتابُ جديدٌ	The book is new

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✅ Bonus: Verb Sentence (جملة فعلية)

• Starts with a verb, followed by subject and object.

• كتب محمدٌ رسالةً = Muhammad wrote a letter

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✅ Summary Chart

Rule	Arabic Term	Key Point
Parts of Speech	أقسام الكلام	Ism (noun), Fi‘l (verb), Ḥarf (particle)
Noun Cases	الإعراب	Nominative, Accusative, Genitive
Verb Conjugation	تصريف	Changes by person, tense, number
Gender & Number	مذكر / مؤنث	Masculine, feminine, dual, plural
Prepositions	حروف الجر	Followed by genitive case
Pronouns	الضمائر	أنا، هو، هي، أنتَ...
Possessive Phrase	الإضافة	Construct phrase: كتابُ الطالبِ
Negation	النفي	ما, لا, لن
Nominal Sentences	جملة اسمية	Begin with noun
Verb Sentences	جملة فعلية	Begin with verb