Arabic grammar

 

Singular and Plural Forms

Arabic Word	Transliteration	Number & Gender	Meaning
كافر	kāfir	Singular masculine	Disbeliever
كافرة	kāfirah	Singular feminine	Female disbeliever
كافرون	kāfirūn	Plural masculine	Disbelievers (masc.)
كافرين	kāfirīn	Plural masculine (acc/gen)	Disbelievers
كوافر	kawāfir	Plural feminine (rare)	Female disbelievers

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🔹 Quranic Usage Examples:

1. Singular:

   • "وَقِيلَ يَا أَرْضُ ابْلَعِي مَاءَكِ..." (Hud 11:44)
     — Though not this verse directly, the singular كافر appears in places like:

   • Surah Al-Baqarah 2:161:
     "إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ كُفَّارٌ..."
     — "Indeed, those who disbelieve and die while they are disbelievers..."

2. Plural:

   • Surah Al-Kafirun (109:1):
     "قُلْ يَا أَيُّهَا ٱلْكَـٰفِرُونَ"
     — "Say, O disbelievers" — plural form used here.

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🔸 Root of the Word:

• The word كافر comes from the root ك-ف-ر, which literally means "to cover" or "to conceal". In classical Arabic, a farmer covering seeds in soil is also called kāfir, because he "covers" them. Spiritually, it refers to one who covers or denies the truth.

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detailed arabic grammaar

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Sure! Here’s a detailed overview of Arabic grammar (النحو العربي), broken down into major categories for both beginners and advanced learners:

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🟨 1. أقسام الكلام (Parts of Speech)

There are three main parts of speech in Arabic:

Arabic	Transliteration	Meaning
اسم	ism	Noun, adjective, pronoun
فعل	fiʿl	Verb
حرف	ḥarf	Particle (preposition, conjunction, etc.)

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🟧 2. الإعراب (Inflection/Case Endings)

Arabic is an inflected language, which means words change form depending on their role in the sentence.

✅ Noun Cases

Case	Name in Arabic	Usage	Typical Vowel
Nominative	الرفع (rafʿ)	Subject of a verb	ُ (Dammah)
Accusative	النصب (naṣb)	Object, adverbial, after certain particles	َ (Fatḥah)
Genitive	الجرّ (jarr)	After prepositions or in possessive	ِ (Kasrah)

🔹 Example:

• الولدُ (the boy - subject)

• رأيتُ الولدَ (I saw the boy - object)

• في البيتِ (in the house - genitive)

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🟩 3. الجملة (Sentences)

🔹 Two Main Types:

Type	Arabic	Starts With	Example
Nominal	جملة اسمية	Noun	الولدُ نائمٌ — The boy is sleeping
Verbal	جملة فعلية	Verb	نامَ الولدُ — The boy slept

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🟦 4. الفعل (Verbs)

🔸 Tenses:

Tense	Arabic	Example
Past	الماضي	كتبَ (he wrote)
Present/Future	المضارع	يكتبُ (he writes/will write)
Imperative	الأمر	اُكتبْ (write!)

🔸 Verb Forms (الفعل المجرد والمزيد)

Arabic verbs come in 15 derived forms (binyān).
E.g.:

• Form I: كَتَبَ (he wrote)

• Form II: كَتَّبَ (he made [someone] write)

• Form III: كاتَبَ (he corresponded)

• etc.

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🟪 5. الضمائر (Pronouns)

Type	Arabic	Examples
Independent	الضمائر المنفصلة	أنا (I), هو (he), نحن (we)
Attached	الضمائر المتصلة	كتابُهُ (his book), أعطيتُك (I gave you)

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🟫 6. الأسماء الموصولة (Relative Pronouns)

Arabic	Meaning	Gender & Number
الذي	who/that	Singular masculine
التي	who/that	Singular feminine
الذين	who/that	Plural masculine

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🟥 7. أدوات النفي والاستفهام (Negation & Question Particles)

🔹 Negation:

Arabic	Meaning
لا	no / not (present)
لم	did not (past)
لن	will not (future)
ما	not/did not (various)

🔹 Questions:

Arabic	Meaning
هل	do/does?
ما	what?
من	who?
متى	when?
أين	where?
لماذا	why?
كيف	how?

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🟨 8. النعت (Adjective / Description)

• The adjective follows the noun in:

  • Gender

  • Number

  • Definiteness

  • Case

🔹 Example:

• الولدُ الطيّبُ — the good boy

• رأيتُ الولدَ الطيّبَ — I saw the good boy

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🟧 9. الإضافة (Possession / Idafa)

Structure: Noun + Noun
The first noun is possessed, second is the possessor (no "of" or apostrophe)

🔹 Example:

• كتابُ محمدٍ — Muhammad's book

• بابُ البيتِ — The house's door

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🟦 10. الجموع (Plurals)

🔹 Regular Plurals:

Type	Arabic	Example
Masculine	جمع مذكر سالم	مسلم → مسلمون
Feminine	جمع مؤنث سالم	طالبة → طالبات

🔹 Irregular (Broken) Plurals:

Singular	Plural
كتاب	كتب
رجل	رجال

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🟩 11. التوكيد (Emphasis)

Using:

• نفس or عين — for emphasis: الولدُ نفسه جاء

• Particles like: إنّ, لـ, قد, لا شكّ

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🟪 12. النواسخ (Sisters of ‘Kana’ and ‘Inna’)

🔹 Kana & sisters (كان وأخواتها): Make predicate accusative

• كان، أصبح، ما زال، ظلّ، بات...

🔹 Example:

• كان اللهُ غفورًا — Allah was forgiving

🔹 Inna & sisters (إنّ وأخواتها): Make subject accusative

• إنّ، أنّ، كأنّ، لكنّ، ليت، لعلّ...

🔹 Example:

• إنّ اللهَ غفورٌ — Indeed, Allah is forgiving

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