Different uses of arabic hatta, kalla, bal, summa, samma, hal, etc in different contexts

 

Different uses of arabic hatta, kalla, bal, summa, samma, hal, etc in different contexts

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Here’s a detailed breakdown of Arabic particles like ḥattā (حَتَّى), kallā (كَلَّا), bal (بَلْ), thumma (ثُمَّ), samma (سَمَّى), and hal (هَلْ) — with their meanings, grammatical roles, and examples in different contexts, especially from the Qur’an and classical Arabic:

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1. حَتَّى (ḥattā) – "until", "even", "so that"

Meanings and Uses:

• Temporal: until a point in time.

• Purpose: so that.

• Surprise or exception: even.

Examples:

• Temporal:

  نَأْكُلُ حَتَّى نَشْبَعَ
  We eat until we are full.

• Qur’an (9:84):

  وَلَا تُصَلِّ عَلَىٰٓ أَحَدٍۢ مِّنْهُم مَّاتَ أَبَدًۭا وَلَا تَقُمْ عَلَىٰ قَبْرِهِ ۖ إِنَّهُمْ كَفَرُوا
  Do not pray over any of them who dies, nor stand by their grave...

  حَتَّىٰ may also appear in the sense of “even”:

  • Qur’an (9:84) continuation:

    ...وَمَاتُوا وَهُمْ فَـٰسِقُونَ
    ...even if they died as wrongdoers.

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2. كَلَّا (kallā) – "No indeed", "Never", "Not at all"

Meanings and Uses:

• Strong rejection or refutation.

• Often used in Meccan surahs to emphasize warning or denial.

Example:

• Qur’an (75:11):

  كَلَّا لَا وَزَرَ
  No! There is no refuge.

• Also seen as rhetorical emphasis to negate a thought or rebuke:

  كَلَّا بَلْ تُحِبُّونَ ٱلْعَاجِلَةَ (75:20)
  No! But you love the fleeting world.

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3. بَلْ (bal) – "Rather", "Nay but", "Instead"

Meanings and Uses:

• Correction: negating what came before.

• Contrast or shift in meaning.

• Emphasis on a better/true idea.

Examples:

• Contrast:

  مَا هُوَ شِعْرٌۭ ۚ بَلْ هُوَ قُرْءَانٌۭ (36:69)
  It is not poetry, rather it is a Qur’an.

• Qur’an (2:88):

  بَلْ لَعَنَهُمُ ٱللَّهُ
  Rather, Allah has cursed them.

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4. ثُمَّ (thumma) – "Then", "Moreover", "After that"

Meanings and Uses:

• Sequence: usually with delay or logical progression.

• Used for temporal sequence with more pause than fa (فَ).

Examples:

• Temporal:

  خَلَقَكُم مِّن تُرَابٍۢ ثُمَّ مِن نُّطْفَةٍۢ... (22:5)
  He created you from dust, then from a sperm-drop...

• Logical/Emphatic:

  ثُمَّ إِنَّكُمۡ بَعۡدَ ذَٰلِكَ لَمَيِّتُونَ (23:15)
  Then surely after that you will die.

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5. سَمَّى (sammā) – Not a particle, but a verb – “to name/call”

Usage:

• Derived from root س-م-و (name, elevation).

• Verb forms:

  • سَمَّى: He named.

  • يُسَمِّي: He names.

Example:

• Qur’an (7:71):

  إِن تَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِهِۦٓ إِلَّآ أَسْمَآءًۭ سَمَّيْتُمُوهَآ
  You call nothing but names which you and your forefathers have named.

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6. هَلْ (hal) – "Is?", "Do?", "Are?"

Meanings and Uses:

• Introduces yes-no questions.

• Followed by verbal or nominal sentence.

Examples:

• Verbal:

  هَلْ تَعْلَمُ لَهُۥ سَمِيًّۭا (19:65)
  Do you know any equal to Him?

• Nominal:

  هَلْ أَنتَ رَبِّي؟
  Are you my Lord?

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Comparative Note:

Particle	Meaning/Function	Notes
حَتَّى	Until / even / so that	Can indicate time, purpose, surprise
كَلَّا	Never / No indeed	Strong refutation, used mostly in Qur’an
بَلْ	Rather / Nay	Shifts meaning or corrects
ثُمَّ	Then / Moreover	Sequential, shows delay or elevation
سَمَّى	To name (verb)	Not a particle, but important verb
هَلْ	Question "Is/Are/Do"	For yes/no questions